# 3.2 — Causal Inference II: DAGS — Class Notes

## Contents

Thursday, October 8, 2020

## Overview

Today we return to a more nuanced discussion of causality, given what we have learned about the fundamental problem of causal inference (counterfactuals and potential outcomes). RCTs are great, but they are not everything — and in any case, you are never going to be able to design and run an RCT in the overwhelming majority of studies.

Now that we understand counterfactuals, we can apply our idea of exogeneity to argue that indeed, yes, correlation does imply causation when $$X$$ is exogenous! That is, $$X$$ being correlated with $$Y$$ implies there is a causal connection between $$X$$ and $$Y$$, and if we are certain that $$cor(X,u)=0$$, then we are clearly measuring the causal effect of $$X \rightarrow Y$$! If $$cor(X,u) \neq 0$$ and $$X$$ is endogenous, there is still a causal connection between $$X$$ and $$Y$$, but it goes through other variables that jointly cause $$X$$ and $$Y$$.

We also introduce a new tool for thinking about simple causal models, the directed acyclic graph (DAG). These are a hip new trend for thinking about causal inference, so new and trendy that they aren’t really in any mainstream textbooks yet!

DAGS and DAG rules (front doors, back doors, colliders, mediators, etc.) will allow you to visually map the causal relationships between variables and describe to you the variables you must control for in order to properly identify the causal effect you are trying to measure. I show you a simply tool, daggity.net that will help you do this, as well as ggdag in R.

## New Packages Mentioned

• dagitty.net: not a package in R, but an online tool to help you work with DAGs (see the cheat sheets in today’s readings page)

• ggdag: for drawing DAGs in ggplot, and for identifying pathways ggdag_paths() and required adjustments ggdag_adjustment_set()

## Practice

See today’s practice problems to help you use DAGs and daggity.net. Answers are be posted on that page.

## Live Class Session on Zoom

The live class Zoom meeting link can be found on Blackboard (see LIVE ZOOM MEETINGS on the left navigation menu), starting at 11:30 AM.

If you are unable to join today’s live session, or if you want to review, you can find the recording stored on Blackboard via Panopto (see Class Recordings on the left navigation menu).